Intellectual Building Monitoring System
Keywords: intellectual building monitoring, security monitoring, monitoring solution, video monitoring, monitoring project
1. Intellectual building monitoring system
1.1 Security system usage
As reform & open career is improving, more and more buildings set up, which are safe, efficient, suitable, convenient and flexible.
To prevent various burglar & violent events and keep safety of life & property, it is essential to set on security system.
With developing of technology, new criminal measure urges higher demands on security system. In nowadays of information, the protection on property and human body is just a part, but the important data on computer is needed protection much more.
In an intellectual building, not only prevention to passed people is needed, but also needed for inner people management; as for some important places, devices and people, the protection is also needed. Therefore, modernized building should set up a multi-level CCTV system.
1.2 CCTV system rating
Related conventions
GA/T75-94
GA/74-94
GB50198-94
According to above conventions, integrate hazard situation and practical engineering cases, fully measure the rating of system
Surrounding alarm system
CCTV system (picture check system)
Intrusion motion detective alarm system
Sound monitoring system (sound check system)
Strong-light illuminating system
Security rating & main configuration (total 4 ratings)
4th rating security system
Business place (bank) door and window should install alarm device (e.g. magnetic switch)
Set manual or panel styled alarm facility & linkage ring
Alarm signal should be sent to guarding room and near police department
3-rating security protection system
Same to 4th rating system setting
Set spatial protection system: install (indoor or passage) intrusion detector
Central controller supports sound monitoring (sound record) function, recording alarmed time and location
Install CCTV device in alarm system and main passage
2-rating security system
Same to 3-rating system setting
CCTV equipments support auto / manual switch and multi-picture function
Cashiering business place should install one-to-one recording facility
Use password for controlling alarm system suchlike opening, alarm set / unset, bypass circuit and reset.
Control center equipments support wired / wireless function and converting between each other, ensuring signal exactly right and sent to relevant departments
Set up population control system in environment of condition permitted; coming and going adopts door control card
1st protection system
Selected detectors should have two or more detecting skills
Business place long time recording. As emergency happens, system auto opens light, sound recording and video recording.
Set up entrance & exit control system, grouped & classified managing on main sub-region staff by information card.
Control center should at the time of receiving alarm signal also identifies human face and event type (rob, burglar, fire accident or fault), even on screen displays, prints, records and saves alarmed time, location, type and solving solution.
Others are same with 2nd protection system
1.2.2 Monitoring system level
Outer intrusion protection: this part aims to prevent outer people intruding, should set up solving measures at surrounding area, window, passage and entrance & exit, preventing crime beyond protected area
Regional protection: this defense line aims to detect illegal intruder, send information to control center where make solving
Object protection: this defense line aims to protect specified objects, such as safe box and important room
2. Monitoring system structure
In tech advanced nowadays, the traditional prevention measures are not just adding lock / stand guard / sentry. Lock is always opened, no matter how firm the lock is; vivid guarder has sleepy moment. Today, using computer technology, modern telecom technology and modern display skill (i.e. 4C) to create intellectual monitoring system; each sub-system plays a standalone roe, meantime inter-systems form into a complex, thus ensure building safety and create an excellent working & living environment.
2.1 Entrance & exit control
2.1.1 Control principle
The so-called entrance & exit control actually is population management. This system controls various people's entrance & exit and their activities, so it usually called access system. The control principle is: according to human activities range, pre-make various cards or passwords. In entrance & exit, treasury door, archive room door and elevator door installs magnetic identifying kit or password keyboard. User can enter only having card or password. Cad reader will decode and send password to controller. If correct, door open; otherwise, door gives alarm.
2.1.2 Features of card possessing
Card password can be anytime eliminated away from system, not fearing loss, not fearing taken away
Password loses effect beyond certain period, but the period can be defined
Card owner activities at all entrances & exits are recorded in computer, thus not only enhance efficiency and save human power, but also avoid manmade mistake, enhancing precaution efficiency
2.1.3 Types of access system
There are optical card, magnetic matrix card, magnetic card, bar code card, IR card, sensitive card as well as body identifying system, such as fingerprint scanner, palm print scanner, retina identification kit and sound identification kit. From touched cards to untouched cards or from 100mm to thousands of mm, all cards are widely used.
Above cards correspond to their specified access kits. Access kits mainly include networking type and un-networking type (standalone type). There are 1-door type, 2-door type, 4-door type and 8-door type access system, thus makes access application very flexible. Access system should have switch and button. Some access kits & access system sub-door controllers connect to main-door controller. Access kit and door controller is controlled by computer. Access kit power usually is DC12V provided by door controller, commonly installing a power supply (AC220V50Hz/DC12V) near to controller.
2.1.4 Access system location
As to complex intellectual building, there are locations: each important office rooms, treasury room, bank hall, control center and each communication & weak current machine room.
2.2 Burglar alarm system
2.2.1 Alarm kit usage
Burglar alarm system means using detector to set alarm in important areas & points of buildings. When intruder breaks in, signal will be sent to alarm controller: acousto-optic warning, displaying address. Thus relevant keepers will instantly take action to control state of event.
Besides above functions, burglar alarm system also has linkage function, such as opening light of alarmed site (include IR light), linking with controller of audio & video matrix, opening onsite camera to watch situation details.
2.2.2 Burglar alarm system composition
Burglar alarm system in intellectual building is responsible for detecting in each point, line, side and area. It comprises of detector, area controller and alarm control center.
Detector
Detector aims to detect illegal intrusion, sends out acousto-optic alarm, as well as sends signal to area alarm kit.
Switch: switch is basic, simple, economic and effective detector, usually including micro switch and reed switch. Circuit connection can be NO (normal open) or NC (normal close). Switch open or close causes alarm.
Photoelectric beam detector: presently most are IR beam type which is composed by IR sender and receiver. When intruder jumps over window or other prevention zone, IR beam will give an alarm. It is needed for such detectors to match frequency & phase identifying circuit.
Thermal sensitive detector: also called passive IR detector which detects object with body temperature. As all we know, different objects with different surface temperature will send out various IR beams (i.e. different IR waves). Human body wavelength reaches 10μm, by which it is used to create thermal detective IR detector. Of the detectors, the focusing mode has optimal sensitivity and fastest reacting speed, so it is vary popular now. It has a 7~15μm wavelength filter, in order to block non-body IR wave and endure correct alarm.
Microwave object motion detector: using Doppler Effect of microwave device on frequency difference of sending-to-receiving of motional objects (includes human) can detect human intrusion
Ultrasonic motion detector: similar to microwave detector, but wavelength has difference; ultrasonic frequency is usually higher than 20KHz
Optic detective detector: just used in luminance environments; it uses 2 photocells forming a difference detection utility, which can detect micro changes on ambient light beam.
Glass breaking detector: it uses piezo pickup installed against to glass, so as to detect and give alarm on high frequent sound, having been widely used for window protection.
There are other types detectors, but omit them here.
Regional alarm kit
Usually one regional alarm kit can contain 8 channels inputted signal of RTN (return channel). Processed, the signals are sent to matrix controller in CCTV monitoring system, by this way realizing linkage control. In common CCTV systems, there are no more than 8 regional alarm kits (or max 64 RTN); if more than 64 RTN, it is required to use microprocessor-controlled alarm system.
Alarm control center
Alarm control center usually sets up together with CCTV monitoring center. It functions viewing system state by using keyboard, and emergent alarm makes screen pop up alarmed position, with recording time and address. At present, part products match alarm inputted card which is 128 channels per piece, but able to expand to 2048 points. Alarm input card connects to CCTV controller by RS232 port.
2.3 CCTV monitoring system
More and more CCTV monitoring systems are used in security system. They make keepers see inside or outside building situations, provide monitoring measures for operation of equipment of firefighting & building inside and activities of human.
2.3.1 CCTV monitoring system structure
Functional structures are mainly composed by video recording, transmission, control and display & save.
Camera
Camera is the important component in monitoring system. CCD (charge coupled device) camera is mostly adopted. Cameras can be color or black & white, choosing proper type for specific usage. Camera target surface shows with 1/3", 1/2" and 2/3".
There are 3 TV formats: PAL, NTSC and SECAM; China chooses PAL. Besides illumination is required to consider; if needed, IR LED is addable,
Lens
Lens selection is also important as that of camera. Lens selection should consider view scope and light change, as well as CCD camera size. The three aspects relation is: view scope determines choosing Monofocal or varifocal lens, Monofocal length range; light change determines whether using auto iris lens.
Clarity: this is important parameter of lens. If want to get clear picture, resolution must be high, i.e. enable unit length identify more black & white stripes, usually known from formula:
N=180/h
N----lens resolution (diagonal / centimeter)
h----picture format height (centimeter)
Usually 1/2" picture 4.8×6.4 (mm2) N=38 diagonal / mmh=4.8mm
1/3" picture 3.6×4.8 (mm2) N=50 diagonal / mmh=3.6mm
Lens size includes 1, 2/3, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc; commonly lens is same size with camera or larger than camera
Focal length: focal length and target size determines view angle. Target (camera target) fixes, focal length short, view scope wide; focal length long, view scope narrow. W * H stands for CCD target width and height; F stands for focal length, by this way we can get view angle number.
Qh=3tan -1 (w/2f) (0) pan angle
Qv=2tan-1 (h/2f) (0) tilt angle
Luminous flux: luminous flux means the quantity of beam inputted into lens.
All in all, there are 6 factors of impacting camera effect: object size, object size details, distance of object to lens, lens focal length, optic receiver size (target size) and lens & camera resolution. Be careful in designing course.
Signal transmission
Video signal transmission: mainly methods include common coaxial cable, optical fiber and phone line. China-made SYV-75-2~75—3-32 resistance is 750, capacitor not larger than 76PF/m, fade not larger than 0.86dB/m in status of 30MHz.
Control signal transmission: control center usually control onsite equipments with modem. Common control modes include: communication coding control and coaxial visual-control. The former adopts serial coding: using simplex line to transmit multiple channels. Its effective distance reaches 1km, or adding an amplifier for reaching 10km, or using optical fiber for even farther. The latter mode is coaxial cable control, which means video uses same one coaxial cable with control signal. Such mode has two options for transmission: 1) make main frequency of control signal different with that of video signal (50Hz~4MHz), then mix them to transmit, but split (demodulate) them at the receiving devices; 2) transmit control signal in the period of field blanking interval of video signal. Presently use the first option.
Display & record
This kind of device includes monitor, camera and video processing device. These devices are installed control room. At present, monitoring system professional camera supports 180 minutes recording, max 960 hours. Besides the feature of long time, camera requires remote control function which control camera by control signal.
Video switcher
The application of video switcher enables fewer monitors display more channels signal (multi-channel input, 1 channel output; multi-channel input, multi-channel output), by which monitor efficiency is greatly enhanced.
Quads processor can view multiple pictures at only one monitor. This function is also widely applied for control center.
2.4 Guarding function of parking site management system
Commonly, intellectual building basement owns parking site or garage, in which automation management is necessary. Parking site management system functions include entrance & exit control, parking spot directing, recording on car appearance / characters / plate number, and periodical payment. Among them, the plate number recognition system, with guarding function, can prevent car steeling event happening. As customers enter to get ticket or use season ticket / stored-value ticket, computer will use camera to record car model and plate number, as well as store the numbers of the entrancing ticket or season ticket or stored-value ticket; when customers leave, monitor will auto display such information of everybody, after permitting of watch keeper, exit way auto opens, and whole process video is stored in computer.
2.5 Guarding function of elevator control system
To skyscraper or super skyscraper, guarding management in elevator control shows importance, to some extent refers to the security of building.
Guarding function: building layer control system. Elevator according to requirement sets periodical management, e.g. in closing time some elevators still work, but others do not. In running process, elevator stops only at the layers defined by card but at others layers do not stop; these layers are installed with intelligent card reader and person must open door and enter elevator by swiping card, and then the persons are sent to specified layer. Somebody who has no card can not enter elevator, by this way the human activities are effectively limited and the building security is greatly ensured.
2.6 Touring management system
Intelligent building installs touring management system. This system is used to replace guarder to view the situation of involved area, then send task-achievement-signal to control center; if the signal is not sent to control center on time, managers will take action, for such a case implies that there is event happened.
3. Intelligent building security system measures details
To ensure system normal running, firstly, according to relevant conventions & building's functions, ensure security rank; based on this, allocate onsite facilities of security system, define engineering scale, model selection, installation & debug, etc.
3.1 Access system
3.1.1 Access machine (card reader) setting
According to demand, at outdoor, set (including room, staircase, passage, etc) access machine 1.2~1.3m to the ground, usually is detective card.
3.12 Sub controller
Sub controller is the linker between access machine and access server. Sub controller, according to demand, can link 1, 2, 4, 8 access machines. Sub controller power supply selection: AC220V50Hz/DC12V, 1-5A.
3.1.3 Main controller
Main controller is composed by computer hardware and software, installed in control center. Including various control boards, remote controller setter, display-panel on machine and data memory transfer module.
3.14 Touring system card reader
Card reader (reader head) is just the access machine (touring switcher). This part can be involved into access system for being centrally defined.
3.1.5 Elevator access system
As the mentioned above, install card reader in some elevators, thus people must go to some layer by swiping card
3.1.6 Special notes
1) Intelligent building can adopt One-Card access management or One-Card consuming system
2) Access system should automatically open emergent door as soon as fire accident happens; this function can be achieved by fire accident linkage facility
3.2 Burglar alarm system
3.2.1 Various detectors setting
According to demand, allocate burglar alarm dual technology photo detector, passive IR beam detector, glass breakage detector and various switches at entrance & exit, staircase, elevator cage, detecting needed window, important office room, important machinery room, etc. Select different alarm kits & installations (e.g. wall mount, ceiling mount) for different environments
3.2.2 Sound-rechecking detector setting
In some places, install micro-sound-monitor (electric sound monitor), generally adopting wall-mount mode with 2m away ground, mostly connecting sound monitor and audio matrix cabinet by twisted pair line, e.g. RVVP2×0.5mm2. In control center, install audio matrix cabinet which uses twisted pair RVVP2×0.5mm2 to connect video switch / control sever with RS485 interface.
3.2.3 Alarm control center setting
In small size system (no more than 64 channels). Usually set 8-channel alarm interface cabinet; the 8 cabinets make return-circuit reach 64 channels. The alarm kit and alarm interface cabinet usually connects with 3-conduct shielded pair RVVP2×0.5mm2
When system has no less than 64 channels return-circuit, there are two solutions:
First: select big size system, this system is installed 128 channels alarm input card, allowing max 8~16 alarm input cards or reaching 2048 channels alarm. If the above is still insufficient, it is selectable to combine multiple systems together.
Second: adopt access / alarm management system. System specifications: carded people 65000; access machines 16320; alarm zones (channels) 130560; alarm output 130650; local printer 225 units; alarm status screens 1020 units; besides support inter-computer encrypting transmission skill……. Equipments connect with RS-232 / RS-485 interface and twisted pair RVVP2×0.5mm2.
3.3 CCTV system setting
3.3.1 Camera setting
Select cameras & installations according to different environments, e.g. selection of white camera or color camera, selection of lens configuration, focal length, auto or manual zoom / iris / focus, the match between camera and lens size, whether set pan/tilt, the confirmation of installation pattern, whether select dome & peripheral camera (size confirming), select wide angle lens for installation in lobby and inside elevator cage, selection of camera housing, selection of light, etc.
Camera (including lens) controlling: done by controller decoder. Decoder includes various types based on their functional differences, but they have a common feature of remotely controlling pan/tilt & lens & aux devices after receiving the signal sent by matrix server. Decoder can via 2 methods to connect with matrix / control server: "C" type (controlled by coaxial) and "D" type (controlled by twisted pair). Just like the mentioned above, coaxial control is seldom used for their high cost; by contrast, twisted pair control ("D" type), or called RS485 control, reaches 3km controllable distance; besides this method can be used for optical fiber, microwave and other transmission methods.
Special indicate: in CCTV monitoring system, the onsite & front-end equipments are usually installed in upper part of passage, lobby and room, some others closely approaching to ceiling, furthermore, coaxial and twisted pair are cheaply to standalone run & manage, so they usually do not mix or combine with other building wires. Nevertheless, except for other data or picture transmission.
3.3.2 Control center setting
To make security work easy, usually control center are accompanied with security department to be installed at first layer of building. Control center includes video matrix switch / control server, alarm interface cabinet, audio matrix cabinet, character generator, video recorder, main control keyboard, sub control keyboard, audio & video monitoring devices, multimedia terminal as well as power supplies.
Video matrix switch / control server has various input / output standards: 8×2, 8×4, 16×6, 96×8, 96 video-in×8 video-out, 96 video-in×8 audio-out----64 alarm-in×8 keyboards, etc. Even bigger system has 4096 video-in×4096 video-out+ 2040 alarms, switch / control server with 32 keyboards. In design and installation, we should spare some reserved spaces, designing module, and then selecting equipments.
Main video controller, according to the signal of alarm system input, finishes pan/tilt control, camera motion control, light control, lens control, as well as linking with audio & video monitor, video recorder, etc. Access system connects to server via and forms into an integrated system with burglar alarm, CCTV monitoring and entrance & exit control. Thus adding the interaction skill of computer, the whole building's security has been greatly enhanced.
The above equipments integrate well each other, usually install the audio & video monitor to "TV wall", and the others are centrally installed to console. Control room acreage is determined by system size, with reliable power and stable temperature & humidity control and the anti-static floor installation.
